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<p>JavaScript&#x5BF9;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x90FD;&#x4F1A;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#xFF0C;&#x6307;&#x5411;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5F53;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x7528;<code>obj.xxx</code>&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x7684;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;JavaScript&#x5F15;&#x64CE;&#x5148;&#x5728;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x4E0A;&#x67E5;&#x627E;&#x8BE5;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x627E;&#x5230;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x5230;&#x5176;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x4E0A;&#x627E;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x8FD8;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x627E;&#x5230;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x4E00;&#x76F4;&#x4E0A;&#x6EAF;&#x5230;<code>Object.prototype</code>&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF0C;&#x6700;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x8FD8;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x627E;&#x5230;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x53EA;&#x80FD;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;<code>undefined</code>&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5176;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x94FE;&#x662F;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-javascript">arr ----&gt; <span class="hljs-built_in">Array</span>.prototype ----&gt; <span class="hljs-built_in">Object</span>.prototype ----&gt; <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>
</code></pre>
<p><code>Array.prototype</code>&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x4E86;<code>indexOf()</code>&#x3001;<code>shift()</code>&#x7B49;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x4F60;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5728;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7684;<code>Array</code>&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x4E0A;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x8C03;&#x7528;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5F53;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x65F6;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-javascript"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">foo</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) </span>{
    <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x4E5F;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x94FE;&#x662F;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-javascript">foo ----&gt; <span class="hljs-built_in">Function</span>.prototype ----&gt; <span class="hljs-built_in">Object</span>.prototype ----&gt; <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x7531;&#x4E8E;<code>Function.prototype</code>&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x4E86;<code>apply()</code>&#x7B49;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#xFF0C;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x90FD;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x8C03;&#x7528;<code>apply()</code>&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5F88;&#x5BB9;&#x6613;&#x60F3;&#x5230;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x94FE;&#x5F88;&#x957F;&#xFF0C;&#x90A3;&#x4E48;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x7684;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x5C31;&#x4F1A;&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;&#x82B1;&#x66F4;&#x591A;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x67E5;&#x627E;&#x800C;&#x53D8;&#x5F97;&#x66F4;&#x6162;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x8981;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x4E0D;&#x8981;&#x628A;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x94FE;&#x641E;&#x5F97;&#x592A;&#x957F;&#x3002;</p>
<h3 id="&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;">&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;</h3>
<p>&#x9664;&#x4E86;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x7528;<code>{ ... }</code>&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;JavaScript&#x8FD8;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x7528;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x6765;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x3002;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x7528;&#x6CD5;&#x662F;&#xFF0C;&#x5148;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-javascript"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">Student</span>(<span class="hljs-params">name</span>) </span>{
    <span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.name = name;
    <span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.hello = <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> (<span class="hljs-params"></span>) </span>{
        alert(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;Hello, &apos;</span> + <span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>.name + <span class="hljs-string">&apos;!&apos;</span>);
    }
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x4F60;&#x4F1A;&#x95EE;&#xFF0C;&#x54A6;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x666E;&#x901A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x5417;&#xFF1F;</p>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x786E;&#x5B9E;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x666E;&#x901A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x662F;&#x5728;JavaScript&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x7528;&#x5173;&#x952E;&#x5B57;<code>new</code>&#x6765;&#x8C03;&#x7528;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-javascript"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> xiaoming = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Student(<span class="hljs-string">&apos;&#x5C0F;&#x660E;&apos;</span>);
xiaoming.name; <span class="hljs-comment">// &apos;&#x5C0F;&#x660E;&apos;</span>
xiaoming.hello(); <span class="hljs-comment">// Hello, &#x5C0F;&#x660E;!</span>
</code></pre>
<p><em><font color="red">&#x6CE8;&#x610F;</font></em>&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4E0D;&#x5199;<code>new</code>&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x666E;&#x901A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;<code>undefined</code>&#x3002;&#x4F46;&#x662F;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x5199;&#x4E86;<code>new</code>&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x5C31;&#x53D8;&#x6210;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;<code>this</code>&#x6307;&#x5411;&#x65B0;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;<code>this</code>&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x5728;&#x6700;&#x540E;&#x5199;<code>return this;</code>&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x65B0;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x7684;<code>xiaoming</code>&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x94FE;&#x662F;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-javascript">xiaoming ----&gt; Student.prototype ----&gt; <span class="hljs-built_in">Object</span>.prototype ----&gt; <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x4E5F;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;<code>xiaoming</code>&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x6307;&#x5411;&#x51FD;&#x6570;<code>Student</code>&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x3002;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4F60;&#x53C8;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E86;<code>xiaohong</code>&#x3001;<code>xiaojun</code>&#xFF0C;&#x90A3;&#x4E48;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x4E0E;<code>xiaoming</code>&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-javascript">xiaoming &#x2198;
xiaohong -&#x2192; Student.prototype ----&gt; <span class="hljs-built_in">Object</span>.prototype ----&gt; <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>
xiaojun  &#x2197;
</code></pre>
<p>&#x7528;<code>new Student()</code>&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x8FD8;&#x4ECE;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x4E0A;&#x83B7;&#x5F97;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;<code>constructor</code>&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x6307;&#x5411;&#x51FD;&#x6570;<code>Student</code>&#x672C;&#x8EAB;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-javascript">xiaoming.constructor === Student.prototype.constructor; <span class="hljs-comment">// true</span>
Student.prototype.constructor === Student; <span class="hljs-comment">// true</span>

<span class="hljs-built_in">Object</span>.getPrototypeOf(xiaoming) === Student.prototype; <span class="hljs-comment">// true</span>

xiaoming <span class="hljs-keyword">instanceof</span> Student; <span class="hljs-comment">// true</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x770B;&#x6655;&#x4E86;&#x5427;&#xFF1F;&#x7528;&#x4E00;&#x5F20;&#x56FE;&#x6765;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x4E71;&#x4E03;&#x516B;&#x7CDF;&#x7684;&#x5173;&#x7CFB;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#xFF1A;</p>
<p><img src="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/files/attachments/1024698721053600/l" alt=""></p>
<p>&#x7EA2;&#x8272;&#x7BAD;&#x5934;&#x662F;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x94FE;&#x3002;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#xFF0C;<code>Student.prototype</code>&#x6307;&#x5411;&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x5C31;&#x662F;<code>xiaoming</code>&#x3001;<code>xiaohong</code>&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x8FD8;&#x6709;&#x4E2A;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;<code>constructor</code>&#xFF0C;&#x6307;&#x5411;<code>Student</code>&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x672C;&#x8EAB;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x53E6;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x51FD;&#x6570;<code>Student</code>&#x6070;&#x597D;&#x6709;&#x4E2A;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;<code>prototype</code>&#x6307;&#x5411;<code>xiaoming</code>&#x3001;<code>xiaohong</code>&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x662F;<code>xiaoming</code>&#x3001;<code>xiaohong</code>&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x53EF;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;<code>prototype</code>&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x8FC7;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x7528;<code>__proto__</code>&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x975E;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x7528;&#x6CD5;&#x6765;&#x67E5;&#x770B;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5C31;&#x8BA4;&#x4E3A;<code>xiaoming</code>&#x3001;<code>xiaohong</code>&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x201C;&#x7EE7;&#x627F;&#x201D;&#x81EA;<code>Student</code>&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x4E0D;&#x8FC7;&#x8FD8;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5C0F;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#xFF0C;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x89C2;&#x5BDF;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code>xiaoming.name; // &apos;&#x5C0F;&#x660E;&apos;
xiaohong.name; // &apos;&#x5C0F;&#x7EA2;&apos;
xiaoming.hello; // function: Student.hello()
xiaohong.hello; // function: Student.hello()
xiaoming.hello === xiaohong.hello; // false
</code></pre><p><code>xiaoming</code>&#x548C;<code>xiaohong</code>&#x5404;&#x81EA;&#x7684;<code>name</code>&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x662F;&#x5BF9;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x5426;&#x5219;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x65E0;&#x6CD5;&#x533A;&#x5206;&#x8C01;&#x662F;&#x8C01;&#x4E86;&#x3002;</p>
<p><code>xiaoming</code>&#x548C;<code>xiaohong</code>&#x5404;&#x81EA;&#x7684;<code>hello</code>&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x662F;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x540D;&#x79F0;&#x548C;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x76F8;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#xFF01;</p>
<p>&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;<code>new Student()</code>&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E86;&#x5F88;&#x591A;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x7684;<code>hello</code>&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x4E0A;&#x53EA;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x5171;&#x4EAB;&#x540C;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x5C31;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x8282;&#x7701;&#x5F88;&#x591A;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x8981;&#x8BA9;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x5171;&#x4EAB;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;<code>hello</code>&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x7684;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x67E5;&#x627E;&#x539F;&#x5219;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53EA;&#x8981;&#x628A;<code>hello</code>&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x5230;<code>xiaoming</code>&#x3001;<code>xiaohong</code>&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x5171;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x4E0A;&#x5C31;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x5C31;&#x662F;<code>Student.prototype</code>&#xFF1A;</p>
<p><img src="https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/files/attachments/1024700039819712/l" alt="protos2"></p>
<p>&#x4FEE;&#x6539;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x5982;&#x4E0B;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code>function Student(name) {
    this.name = name;
}

Student.prototype.hello = function () {
    alert(&apos;Hello, &apos; + this.name + &apos;!&apos;);
};
</code></pre><p>&#x7528;<code>new</code>&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x57FA;&#x4E8E;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x7684;JavaScript&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x8FD9;&#x4E48;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#xFF01;</p>
<p>&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x8FD8;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x7F16;&#x5199;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;<code>createStudent()</code>&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x5C01;&#x88C5;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7684;<code>new</code>&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x3002;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5E38;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x7F16;&#x7A0B;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x50CF;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code>function Student(props) {
    this.name = props.name || &apos;&#x533F;&#x540D;&apos;; // &#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x503C;&#x4E3A;&apos;&#x533F;&#x540D;&apos;
    this.grade = props.grade || 1; // &#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x503C;&#x4E3A;1
}

Student.prototype.hello = function () {
    alert(&apos;Hello, &apos; + this.name + &apos;!&apos;);
};

function createStudent(props) {
    return new Student(props || {})
}
</code></pre><p>&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;<code>createStudent()</code>&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x6709;&#x51E0;&#x4E2A;&#x5DE8;&#x5927;&#x7684;&#x4F18;&#x70B9;&#xFF1A;&#x4E00;&#x662F;&#x4E0D;&#x9700;&#x8981;<code>new</code>&#x6765;&#x8C03;&#x7528;&#xFF0C;&#x4E8C;&#x662F;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x7075;&#x6D3B;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0D;&#x4F20;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x8FD9;&#x4E48;&#x4F20;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-javascript"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> xiaoming = createStudent({
    name: <span class="hljs-string">&apos;&#x5C0F;&#x660E;&apos;</span>
});

xiaoming.grade; <span class="hljs-comment">// 1</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x6709;&#x5F88;&#x591A;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53EA;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x4F20;&#x9012;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x67D0;&#x4E9B;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x5269;&#x4E0B;&#x7684;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x7528;&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x503C;&#x3002;&#x7531;&#x4E8E;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;Object&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x65E0;&#x9700;&#x8BB0;&#x5FC6;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x7684;&#x987A;&#x5E8F;&#x3002;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x6070;&#x597D;&#x4ECE;<code>JSON</code>&#x62FF;&#x5230;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x51FA;<code>xiaoming</code>&#x3002;</p>

                                
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